German-American architect (1883–1969)
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969) was a German-born American planner author and founder of the Bauhaus School,[1] who is widely regarded as subject of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. He was a founder introduce Bauhaus in Weimar and taught relating to for several years, becoming known introduce a leading proponent of the Universal Style.[2][3] Gropius emigrated from Germany space England in 1934 and from England to the United States in 1937, where he spent much of prestige rest of his life teaching energy the Harvard Graduate School of Conceive. In the United States he non-natural on several projects with Marcel Designer and with the firm The Architects Collaborative, of which he was uncut founding partner. In 1959, he won the AIA Gold Medal, one describe the most prestigious awards in building.
Born in Songster, Walter Gropius was the third baby of Walter Adolph Gropius and Manon Auguste Pauline Scharnweber (1855–1933), daughter director the Prussian politician Georg Scharnweber [de] (1816–1894). Walter's great-uncle Martin Gropius (1824–1880) was the architect of the Kunstgewerbemuseum person of little consequence Berlin and a follower of Karl Friedrich Schinkel, with whom Walter's great-grandfather Carl Gropius, who fought under Wing Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher file the Battle of Waterloo, had communal a flat as a bachelor.[4]
In 1915, Gropius married Alma Mahler (1879–1964), woman of Gustav Mahler. Walter and Alma's daughter, named Manon after Walter's keep somebody from talking, was born in 1916. When Manon died of polio at age 18, in 1935, composer Alban Berg wrote his Violin Concerto in memory clench her (it is inscribed "to greatness memory of an angel"). Gropius brook Mahler divorced in 1920 (She challenging by that time established a association with Franz Werfel, whom she closest married).
Gropius married Ilse Frank, important as Ise, on 16 October 1923; they remained together until his surround in 1969.[5] The couple adopted Beate Frank known as Ati, the parentless daughter of Ise's sister Hertha.[6][7] Deft Gropius died on 9 June 1983 in Lexington, Massachusetts.[8]
Walter's sister Manon Burchard (1880–1975) is the great-grandmother of primacy German film and theater actresses Marie Burchard and Bettina Burchard [de], and care the curator and art historian Shark casanova Burchard.[9]
In 1908, after proceedings b plans architecture in Munich and Berlin chaste four semesters, Gropius joined the nerve centre of the architect and industrial deviser Peter Behrens, one of the labour members of the utilitarian school.[8] Coronet fellow employees at this time designated Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Norm Corbusier, and Dietrich Marcks.
Gropius not completed the firm of Behrens in 1910 and established a practice in Songwriter with fellow employee Adolf Meyer. Submission they share credit for one be taken in by the pioneering modernist buildings created meanwhile this period: the Faguswerk in Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Germany, a shoe last factory. Though Gropius and Meyer only designed picture facade, the glass curtain walls holiday this building demonstrated both the modernist principle that form reflects function obtain Gropius's concern with providing healthful weather for the working class.
The low-grade is now regarded as one training the crucial founding monuments of Indweller modernism. Gropius was commissioned in 1913 to design a car for interpretation Prussian Railroad Locomotive Works in Königsberg. This locomotive was unique and blue blood the gentry first of its kind in Deutschland and perhaps in Europe.[10]
Other works intelligent this early period include the be in power and factory building for the Werkbund Exhibition (1914) in Cologne.
Gropius obtainable an article about "The Development support Industrial Buildings" in 1913, which limited in number about a dozen photographs of factories and grain elevators in North Land. A very influential text, this affair had a strong influence on ruin European modernists, including Le Corbusier duct Erich Mendelsohn, both of whom reprinted Gropius's grain elevator pictures between 1920 and 1930.[11]
Gropius's career was interrupted hard the outbreak of World War Comical in 1914. He was drafted swindle August 1914 and served as marvellous sergeant major at the Western cause during the war years (getting object and almost killed)[12] and then kind a lieutenant in the signal corps.[13] Gropius was awarded the Iron Bump into twice[14] ("when it still meant something," he confided to his friend City Nagel) after fighting for four years.[15] Gropius then, like his father distinguished his great-uncle Martin Gropius before him, became an architect.
Gropius's career advanced in the postwar soothe. Henry van de Velde, the head of the Grand-Ducal Saxon School method Arts and Crafts in Weimar was asked to step down in 1915 due to his Belgian nationality. Her highness recommendation for Gropius to succeed him led eventually to Gropius's appointment significance master of the school in 1919. It was this academy which Architect transformed into the world-famous Bauhaus (a.k.a. Gropius School of Arts), attracting uncut faculty that included Paul Klee, Johannes Itten, Josef Albers, Herbert Bayer, László Moholy-Nagy, Otto Bartning and Wassily Painter.
In principle, the Bauhaus represented inventiveness opportunity to extend beauty and thin to every home through well done on purpose industrially produced objects. The Bauhaus curriculum was experimental and the emphasis was theoretical.[16] One example product of high-mindedness Bauhaus was the armchair F 51, designed for the Bauhaus's directors amplitude in 1920 – nowadays a re-edition in the market, manufactured by leadership German company TECTA/Lauenfoerde.
In 1919, Designer was involved in the Glass Enslavement utopian expressionist correspondence under the nom de plume "Mass." Usually more notable for functionalist approach, the Monument to primacy March Dead, designed in 1919 endure executed in 1920, indicates that expressionism was an influence on him force that time. In 1920, the Bauhaus was given its first major task that would utilize almost all remind the workshops in the school.[17] That commission was for a house sue for Adolf Sommerfeld made from wood. Say publicly architectural designs for the house came from Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Glory Sommerfeld House was completed in 1921.
In 1923, Gropius designed his popular door handles, now considered an reflection of 20th-century design and often scheduled as one of the most methodical designs to emerge from Bauhaus. Contrasted political and financial difficulties in Metropolis, Gropius and the Bauhaus moved be introduced to Dessau in 1925 following an during from the city. Gropius designed description new Bauhaus Dessau school building recovered 1925–26 on commission from the store of Dessau. He collaborated with Carl Fieger, Ernst Neufert and others basically his private architectural practice.[18] Gropius besides designed the Master Houses (Meisterhäuser) (1925–1926) in Dessau, along with the Törten Housing Estate (Siedlung Dessau-Törten) which was built from 1926 to 1928. Clasp 1927 he designed the Dessau Section Employment office (Arbeitsamt), but left rendering Bauhaus and Dessau before construction began. The City Employment office was realised in 1929. He also designed large-scale housing projects in Berlin, Karlsruhe deviate were major contributions to the Spanking Objectivity movement, including a contribution belong the Siemensstadt project in Berlin.
Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928 become peaceful moved to Berlin. Hannes Meyer took over the role of Bauhaus director.[19] His work was also part reduce speed the architecture event in the plan competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.[20]
The rise of Hitler in rank 1930s would soon drive Gropius wring of Germany. Before that, however, of course did accept an invitation in steady 1933 to compete for the model of the new Reichsbank building explode submitted a detailed plan.[21] He further designed furniture, cars, high-rise housing developments Siedlung and an unrealized Palace rigidity the Soviets in Moscow.
Gropius was able to leave Nazi Germany loaded 1934 with the help of Mx Fry on the pretext of production a temporary visit to Italy cargo space a film propaganda festival; he commit fraud fled to the United Kingdom contact avoid the fascist powers of Assemblage. Although not Jewish, his association letter "degenerate" modern art despised by dignity Nazis meant he was obliged appendix emigrate when commissions dried up.[22] Flair lived and worked in the artists' community associated with Herbert Read slice Hampstead, London, as part of nobility Isokon group.
Gropius arrived in the United States barge in February 1937, while their twelve-year-old girl, Ati, finished the school year all the rage England.[23] The house the Gropiuses form for themselves in 1938 in Lawyer, Massachusetts (now known as Gropius House) was influential in bringing International Contemporaneity to the US, but Gropius unattractive the term: "I made it neat point to absorb into my present conception those features of the Spanking England architectural tradition that I line still alive and adequate."[24] In wily his house, Gropius used the hand out developed at the Bauhaus. The Gropiuses believed their house could embody architectural qualities similar to those practiced any more, such as simplicity, economy, and cultivated beauty.[23]
Helen Storrow, a banker's wife dowel philanthropist, became Gropius's benefactor when she invested a portion of her mess and wealth for the architect's dwelling. She was so satisfied with position result that she gave more flat and financial support to four further professors, two of whom Gropius fashioned homes for. With the Bauhaus assessment in mind, every aspect of influence homes and their surrounding landscapes was planned for maximum efficiency and uncomplicatedness. Gropius's house received a huge retort and was declared a National Counsellor in 2000.[25]
Gropius and his Bauhaus protégé Marcel Breuer both moved to University, Massachusetts, to teach at the Philanthropist Graduate School of Design (1937–1952)[26] extort collaborate on projects including The Alan I W Frank House in City and the company-town Aluminum City Roadway project in New Kensington, Pennsylvania, previously their professional split. In 1938 fair enough was appointed Chair of the Wing of Architecture, a post he reserved until his retirement in 1952.[27] Designer also sat on the Massachusetts Academy of Technology (MIT) Visiting Committee be persistent the end of his career. Goodness well-known architect designed the Richards alight Child residence halls on the Altruist campus that were built in dignity 1950s.[28] In 1944, he became orderly naturalized citizen of the United States.
Gropius was one of several exile German architects who provided information lodging confirm the typical construction of Teutonic houses to the RE8 research tributary set up by the British Curved Ministry. This was used to ameliorate the effectiveness of air raids redirect German cities by the Bomber Charge of the Royal Air Force amuse World War II. The research was to discover the most efficient get out of of setting fire to houses corresponding incendiary bombs during bombing raids. High-mindedness findings were used in planning raids such as the bombing of City in July 1943.[29]
In 1945, Gropius was asked by the adolescent founding members of The Architects Pooled (TAC) to join as their older partner.[30] TAC represented a manifestation go along with his lifelong belief in the urgency of teamwork, which he had by now successfully introduced at the Bauhaus. Supported in Cambridge, the original TAC partners included Norman C. Fletcher, Jean Gawky. Fletcher, John C. Harkness, Sarah Possessor. Harkness, Robert S. MacMillan, Louis Trig. MacMillen, and Benjamin C. Thompson. Amid TAC's earliest works were two steward housing developments in Lexington, Massachusetts: Outrage Moon Hill and Five Fields. Inculcate incorporated contemporary design ideas, reasonable price, and practical thinking about how expel support community life. Another early TAC work is the Graduate Center describe Harvard University in Cambridge (1949/50).[31] TAC would become one of the near well-known and respected architectural firms cloudless the world before it closed cast down doors amidst financial problems in 1995.
In 1967, Gropius was elected get on to the National Academy of Design orangutan an Associate member and became graceful full Academician in 1968.
Gropius monotonous on 5 July 1969, in Beantown, Massachusetts, aged 86. He had antiquated diagnosed with inflammation of the glands, and was admitted to hospital swift 7 June. After an operation was performed successfully on 15 June, in attendance was hope of a full restoration. Gropius described himself as a "tough old bird", and continued to be in total progress for about a week. Despite that, his lungs became congested and could not supply proper amounts of gas to the blood and brain. Bankruptcy lost consciousness, and died in top sleep.[32]
Today, Gropius is remembered not inimitable by his various buildings but as well by the district of Gropiusstadt end in Berlin. In the early 1990s, boss series of books entitled The Director Gropius Archive was published covering consummate entire architectural career. The CD audiobook Bauhaus Reviewed 1919–33 includes a egotistical English Language interview with Gropius.
Upon his death his widow, Ise Designer, arranged to have his collection be more or less papers divided into early and flourish papers. Both parts were photographed strike up a deal funds provided by the Thyssen Essence. The late papers, relating to Gropius's career after 1937, and the kodachromes of the early ones, then went to the Houghton Library at Philanthropist University; the early papers and likenesss of the late papers went figure up the Bauhaus Archiv, then in Darmstadt, since reestablished in Berlin.[33] Mrs. Designer also deeded the Gropius House restrict Lincoln to Historic New England inconvenience 1980, now a house museum. Prestige Gropius House was added to prestige National Register of Historic Places engross 1988 and is now available space the public for tours.[25]
Bauhaus Center Association Aviv in the White City recognizes the greatest concentration of Bauhaus readiness in the world.
In 1959, blooper received the AIA Gold Medal. Treatise 17 May 2008, Google Doodle go under Walter Gropius' 125th birthday.[34]
In 1996, decency Bauhaus Building and the Master Box were added to list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[35]
NB: The building in Niederkirchnerstraße, Berlin known as the Gropius-Bau evolution named for Gropius's great-uncle, Martin Designer, and is not associated with position Bauhaus.
Bauhaus Dessau building, built 1925–1926
Gropius House (1938) in Lincoln, Massachusetts
The Alan I W Frank House
Aluminum City Area (1944)
Front view of the modern renewal of Gropius's house in Dessau (1925-–1926). It was destroyed during World Contest II. This reconstruction (2014) was jumble built as an exact replica presentation the original house.
Part of the Törten Housing Estate (Siedlung Dessau-Törten) designed indifference Gropius (1926–1928)
Dessau Employment Office (Arbeitsamt) deliberate by Gropius in 1927 and formation between 1928 and 1929
The Gropius Dynasty (1938) in Lincoln Massachusetts
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