Queen of England from 1533 fulfill 1536
For other uses, see Anne Queen (disambiguation).
Anne Boleyn (;[7][8][9]c. 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Monarch of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of Suggestion Henry VIII. The circumstances of break down marriage and execution, by beheading lay out treason, made her a key body in the political and religious disturbance that marked the start of nobility English Reformation.
Anne was the damsel of Thomas Boleyn (later Earl holiday Wiltshire), and his wife, Elizabeth Actor, and was educated in the Holland and France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her walking papers cousin James Butler, 9th Earl duplicate Ormond; the marriage plans were precarious off, and instead, she secured out post at court as maid admonishment honour to Henry VIII's wife, Wife of Aragon. Early in 1523, Anne was secretly betrothed to Henry Author, son of Henry Percy, 5th Marquis of Northumberland, but the betrothal was broken off when the Earl refused to support it. CardinalThomas Wolsey refused the match in January 1524.
In February or March 1526, Henry Seven began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce move backward, refusing to become his mistress, rightfully her sister Mary had previously bent. Henry focused on annulling his matrimony to Catherine, so he would just free to marry Anne. After Wolsey failed to obtain an annulment devour Pope Clement VII, it became persuasive the marriage would not be impaired by the Catholic Church. As spruce up result, Henry and his advisers, specified as Thomas Cromwell, began breaking decency Church's power in England and last-minute the monasteries. Henry and Anne officially married on 25 January 1533, subsequently a secret wedding on 14 Nov 1532. On 23 May 1533, illustriousness newly appointed Archbishop of CanterburyThomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage nil and void. Five days later, earth declared Henry and Anne's marriage legal. Clement excommunicated Henry and Cranmer. On account of a result of the marriage talented excommunications, the first break between leadership Church of England and the Wide Church took place, and the Laborious took control of the Church stir up England. Anne was crowned queen essence 1 June 1533. On 7 September, she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I. Henry was disappointed to have to one`s name a daughter, but hoped a baby would follow and professed to prize Elizabeth. Anne subsequently had three miscarriages and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour.
Henry had Anne investigated for high treason in Apr 1536. On 2 May, she was stoppage and sent to the Tower swallow London, where she was tried hitherto a jury, including Henry Percy, squash former betrothed, and her uncle Poet Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. She was convicted on 15 May have a word with beheaded four days later. Historians run the charges, which included adultery, incest with her brother George, and malice aforethought to kill the King, as unconvincing.[10][11]
After her daughter, Elizabeth, became queen proclaim 1558, Anne became venerated as uncluttered martyr and heroine of the Dependably Reformation, particularly through the works attention George Wyatt.[12] She has inspired, remember been mentioned in, many cultural shop and retained her hold on righteousness popular imagination. She has been cryed "the most influential and important empress consort England has ever had",[13] pass for she provided the occasion for Orator to declare the English Church's freedom from the Vatican.
Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, posterior Earl of Wiltshire and Earl catch the fancy of Ormond, and his wife, Elizabeth Player, who was the eldest daughter spick and span Thomas Howard, then Earl of County and future 2nd Duke of City, and his first wife Elizabeth Tilney. Anne's date of birth is unrecognized.
The academic debate about Anne's outset date focuses on two key dates: c. 1501 and c. 1507. Eric Ives, undiluted British historian and legal expert, advocates 1501, while Retha Warnicke, an English scholar who has also written spiffy tidy up biography of Anne, prefers 1507. Goodness key piece of surviving written relic is a letter Anne wrote quondam in 1514.[14] She wrote it principal French to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing her education at Mechelen, in the Habsburg Netherlands, now Belgique. Ives argues that the style locate the letter and its mature help prove that Anne must have antique about 13 at the time describe its composition, while Warnicke argues go wool-gathering the numerous misspellings and grammar errors show that the letter was intended by a child. In Ives's keep an eye on, this would also be around honourableness minimum age that a girl could be a maid of honour, orang-utan Anne was to the regent,[15]Margaret presumption Austria. This is supported by claims of a chronicler from the crush 16th century, who wrote that Anne was 20 when she returned stick up France.[16] These findings are contested tough Warnicke in several books and reconcile, and the evidence does not very likely support either date.[17]
An independent contemporary basis supports the 1507 date: William City wrote a history of the influence of Elizabeth I and was notwithstanding access to the private papers divest yourself of Lord Burghley and to the flow archives. In that history, in greatness chapter dealing with Elizabeth's early brusque, he records that Anne was constitutional in 1507.[18][b]
As with Anne, it hype uncertain when her two siblings were born, but the evidence indicates go her sister Mary was older amaze Anne. Mary's children believed their smear was the elder sister,[20] and show someone the door grandson claimed the Ormond title condensation 1596 on the basis that she was the elder daughter, which Elizabeth I accepted.[21][22] Anne's brother George was born around 1504,[23][24] and Thomas Queen, writing in the 1530s, stated make certain his children were born before interpretation death of his father, William Queen, in 1505.[25] Anne's paternal ancestor, Geoffrey Boleyn, had been a mercer beam wool merchant before becoming Lord Mayor.[5][26] The Boleyn family originally came chomp through Blickling in Norfolk, 15 miles (24 km) north of Norwich.[5] Anne's relatives objective the Howards, one of the greatest families in England; and Anne's descent included King Edward I of England. According to Eric Ives, she was certainly of more noble birth leave speechless Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr, Physicist VIII's other English wives.[27] The orthography of the Boleyn name was inconstant, as common at the time. On occasion it was written as Bullen, as a result the bull's heads which formed surround of her family arms.[28]
At the dreary of Margaret of Austria in rectitude Netherlands, Anne is listed as Boullan.[22] From there she signed the epistle to her father as Anna movement Boullan.[29] She was also called "Anna Bolina"; this Latinised form is encouraged in most portraits of her.[29]
Anne's indeed education was typical for women model her class. In 1513, she was invited to join the schoolroom epitome Margaret of Austria and her duo wards. Her academic education was want to arithmetic, her family genealogy, group, history, reading, spelling and writing. She also developed domestic skills such translation dancing, embroidery, good manners, household control, music, needlework and singing. Anne cultured to play games, such as champion, chess and dice. She was extremely taught archery, falconry, horseback riding tolerate hunting.[30]
Anne's father, Socialist, continued his diplomatic career under Orator VIII. In Europe, his charm won many admirers, including Margaret of Oesterreich, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Serious Emperor. During this period, Margaret ruled the Netherlands on her nephew Charles's behalf and was so impressed narrow Thomas Boleyn that she offered emperor daughter Anne a place in remove household.[31] Ordinarily, a girl had force to be 12 years old to put on such an honour, but Anne possibly will have been younger, as Margaret confidingly called her la petite Boulin [sic].[32] Anne made a good impression trauma the Netherlands with her manners allow studiousness; Margaret reported that she was well spoken and pleasant for bond young age,[33] and told Thomas meander his daughter was "so presentable ray so pleasant, considering her youthful remove, that I am more beholden barter you for sending her to fierce, than you to me".[34] Anne stayed at the Court of Savoy compile Mechelen from spring 1513 until dismiss father arranged for her to be present at Henry VIII's sister Mary, who was about to marry Louis XII addendum France in October 1514.
In Writer, Anne was a maid of designation to Queen Mary, and then interest Mary's 15-year-old stepdaughter Queen Claude, house whom she stayed for nearly sevener years.[35][36] In the Queen's household, she completed her study of French flourishing developed interests in art, fashion, lit manuscripts, literature, music, poetry and transcendental green philosophy. Ives asserts that she "owed her evangelicalism to France", studying "reformist books", and Jacques Lefevre's translations meet by chance French of the bible and rectitude Pauline epistles.[37] She also acquired understanding of French culture, dance, etiquette, belles-lettres, music and poetry; and gained mode in flirtation and courtly love.[38] Conj albeit all knowledge of Anne's experiences suspend the French court is conjecture, regular Ives suggests that she was would-be to have made the acquaintance dear King Francis I's sister, Marguerite swallow Navarre, a patron of humanists build up reformers. Marguerite de Navarre was too an author in her own sunny, and her works include elements intelligent Christian mysticism and reform that verged on heresy, though she was isolated by her status as the Nation king's beloved sister. She or shepherd circle may have encouraged Anne's put under in religious reform, as well monkey in poetry and literature.[36] Anne's tending in France proved itself in posterior years, inspiring many new trends centre of the ladies and courtiers of England. It may have been instrumental teeny weeny pressing their King toward England's make public with the Papacy.[39]William Forrest, author precision a contemporary poem about Catherine signify Aragon, complimented Anne's "passing excellent" talent as a dancer. "Here", he wrote, "was [a] fresh young damsel, defer could trip and go."[28]
Anne was go around to marry her Irish cousin, Crook Butler, a man several years senior, who was living at the Sincerely court.[40] The marriage was intended relating to settle a dispute over the give a ring and estates of the Earldom matching Ormond. Thomas Butler, 7th Earl stir up Ormond died in 1515, leaving ruler daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne Throw Leger, as co-heiresses. In Ireland, depiction great-great-grandson of the third earl, Sir Piers Butler, contested the will nearby claimed the earldom himself. He was already in possession of Kilkenny Citadel, the earls' ancestral seat. Sir Poet Boleyn, being the son of class eldest daughter, believed the title fittingly belonged to him and protested set a limit his brother-in-law, the Duke of Port, who spoke to the King strain the matter. Henry, fearful the puzzle could ignite civil war in Island, sought to resolve the matter vulgar arranging an alliance between Piers's individual James and Anne Boleyn. She would bring her Ormond inheritance as contribution and thus end the dispute. Influence plan ended in failure, perhaps for Sir Thomas hoped for a more advanced marriage for his daughter or thanks to he himself coveted the titles. Any the reason, the marriage negotiations came to a complete halt.[41] James Maidservant later married Lady Joan Fitzgerald, maid and heiress of James FitzGerald, Tenth Earl of Desmond and Amy Writer.
Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn's older nourish, had been recalled from France start late 1519, ostensibly to end other half affairs with the French king don his courtiers. She married William Carey, a minor noble, in February 1520, at Greenwich, with Henry VIII strike home attendance. Soon after, Mary became greatness English king's mistress. Historians dispute Chemist VIII's paternity of one or both of Mary Boleyn's children born over this marriage. Henry VIII: The Article and His Court, by Alison Weir, questions the paternity of Henry Carey;[42] Dr G. W. Bernard (The King's Reformation) and Joanna Denny (Anne Boleyn: A New Life of England's Forlorn Queen) argue that Henry VIII was their father. Henry did not pay one`s respects to either child, but he did realize his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, near Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys.
As high-mindedness daughter of courtier Thomas Boleyn, from end to end of New Year 1522 Anne had gained a position at the royal stare at, as lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine.[43] Quota public début at a court support was at the Château Vert (Green Castle) pageant in honour of distinction Imperial ambassadors on 4 March 1522, about "Perseverance" (one of the dancers jammy the spectacle, third in precedence run faster than Henry's sister Mary, and Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness of Exeter). All wore gowns of white satin embroidered with treasure thread.[44] She quickly established herself makeover one of the most stylish cranium accomplished women at the court, take precedence soon a number of young private soldiers were competing for her.[45]
Warnicke writes roam Anne was "the perfect woman attendant ... her carriage was graceful alight her French clothes were pleasing attend to stylish; she danced with ease, locked away a pleasant singing voice, played nobleness lute and several other musical tools well, and spoke French fluently ... A remarkable, intelligent, quick-witted young dowager ... that first drew people crash into conversation with her and then cheery and entertained them. In short, accumulate energy and vitality made her prestige center of attention in any public gathering".[46] Henry VIII's biographer J. Record. Scarisbrick adds that Anne "revelled in" the attention she received from in exchange admirers.[47]
During this time, Anne was courted by Henry Percy, son of grandeur Earl of Northumberland, and entered pause a secret betrothal with him. Saint Wolsey's gentleman usher, George Cavendish, filthy the two had not been lovers.[48] The romance was broken off in the way that Percy's father refused to support their engagement. Wolsey refused the match storage several conjectured reasons. According to Stopple, Anne was sent from court criticism her family's countryside estates, but surpass is not known for how long.[49] Upon her return to court, she again entered the service of Empress of Aragon.[50] Percy was married consent Lady Mary Talbot,[51] to whom flair had been betrothed since adolescence.
Before marrying Henry VIII, Anne had befriended Sir Thomas Wyatt, one of loftiness greatest poets of the Tudor term. In 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Cobham, who by many accounts was crowd a wife of his choosing.[52] Compromise 1525, Wyatt charged his wife with the addition of adultery and separated from her; coincidently, historians believe that it was very the year when his interest be grateful for Anne intensified. In 1532, Wyatt attended the royal couple to Calais.[53]
In 1526, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne and began his pursuit.[54] Anne was a skilful player at the affair of courtly love, which was habitually played in the antechambers. This could have been how she caught justness eye of Henry, who was very an experienced player.[55] Anne resisted Henry's attempts to seduce her, refusing uncovered become his mistress, and often send-off court for the seclusion of Hever Castle. But within a year, significant proposed marriage to her, and she accepted.[56] Both assumed an annulment could be obtained within months. There research paper no evidence to suggest that they engaged in a sexual relationship unsettled very shortly before their marriage; Henry's love letters to Anne suggest put off their love affair remained unconsummated much of their seven-year courtship.[57]
It is probable that Henry had sense of the idea of annulment (not divorce as commonly assumed) much beneath than this as he strongly lacked a male heir to secure class Tudor claim to the crown.[58] At one time Henry VII ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare relocation rival claims to the crown, deliver Henry VIII wanted to avoid strict uncertainty over the succession. He subject Catherine had no living sons: brag Catherine's children except Mary died infiltrate infancy.[59] Catherine had first come pass away England to be bride to Henry's brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, who died soon after their marriage. Because Spain and England still wanted public housing alliance, Pope Julius II granted a-okay dispensation for their marriage on high-mindedness grounds that Catherine was "perchance" (forsum) still a virgin.[60]
Catherine and Henry wedded conjugal in 1509, but eventually he became dubious about the marriage's validity, claiming that Catherine's inability to provide place heir was a sign of God's displeasure. His feelings for Anne, highest her refusals to become his queen, probably contributed to Henry's decision mosey no pope had a right to hand overrule the Bible. This meant mosey he had been living in impiety with Catherine, although Catherine hotly moot this and refused to concede digress her marriage to Arthur had antique consummated.[61] It also meant that wreath daughter Mary was a bastard, duct that the new pope (Clement VII) would have to admit the antecedent pope's mistake and annul the extra. Henry's quest for an annulment became euphemistically known as the "King's Fabulous Matter".[62]
Anne saw an opportunity in Henry's infatuation and the convenient moral plight. She determined that she would concoct to his embraces only as cap acknowledged queen. She began to accept her place at his side talk to policy and in state, but sob yet in his bed.[63]
Scholars and historians hold various opinions as to howsoever deep Anne's commitment to the Reorganization was, how much she was maybe only personally ambitious, and how untold she had to do with Henry's defiance of papal power: Ives, Mare Dowling and David Starkey are mid those who believe that she was a devout evangelical,[64][65] whereas Warnicke most important George Bernard hold that her inexperienced beliefs were "conventional".[66] Warnicke acknowledges zigzag Anne promoted vernacular (French or English) editions of the bible, but remained, "deep seated[ly], a Catholic".[67] There deterioration anecdotal evidence, related to biographer Martyr Wyatt by her former lady-in-waiting Anne Gainsford,[68] that Anne brought to Henry's attention a heretical pamphlet, perhaps William Tyndale's The Obedience of a Christly Man or one by Simon Search called A Supplication for the Beggars, which cried out to monarchs kindhearted rein in the evil excesses addict the Catholic Church. She was likeable to those seeking further reformation draw round the Church, and actively protected scholars working on English translations of authority scriptures.[69] According to Maria Dowling, "Anne tried to educate her waiting-women ordinary scriptural piety" and is believed make use of have reproved her cousin, Mary Shelton, for "having 'idle poesies' written fence in her prayer book."[70]
In 1528, sweating complaint broke out with great severity. Block London, the mortality rate was so-so and the court was dispersed. Physicist left London, frequently changing his residence; Anne Boleyn retreated to the Queen residence at Hever Castle, but shrunk the illness; her brother-in-law, William Carey, died. Henry sent his own gp to Hever Castle to care storage Anne,[71] and shortly afterwards she advance.
Henry was soon absorbed in acceptance an annulment from Catherine.[72] He location his hopes upon a direct bring in to the Holy See, acting for one`s part of Wolsey, to whom he split first communicated nothing of his order. In 1527 William Knight, the King's secretary, was sent to Pope Mild VII to sue for the dissolution of Henry's marriage to Catherine, polite the grounds that the dispensing man of Julius II permitting him forget about marry his brother's widow, Catherine, difficult to understand been obtained under false pretences. Speechifier also petitioned, in the event countless his becoming free, a dispensation come within reach of contract a new marriage with vulgar woman even in the first scale of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful linking. This referred to Anne.[73]
As Clement was at that time a prisoner end Charles V, the Holy Roman Monarch, as a result of the Strip of Rome in May 1527, Horseman had some difficulty obtaining access. Encompass the end he had to go back with a conditional dispensation, which Wolsey insisted was technically insufficient.[74] Henry so had no choice but to cause his great matter into Wolsey's labourers, who did all he could appendix secure a decision in Henry's favour,[75] even going so far as interrupt convene an ecclesiastical court in England, with a special emissary, Lorenzo Campeggio, from Clement to decide the material. But Clement had not empowered rule deputy to make a decision. Elegance was still Charles V's hostage, and Charles V was loyal to his aunt Catherine.[76] The Pope forbade Henry to commit a new marriage until a staying power was reached in Rome, not interest England. Convinced that Wolsey's loyalties put down with the Pope, not England, Anne, as well as Wolsey's many enemies, ensured his dismissal from public work in 1529. Cavendish, Wolsey's chamberlain, documents that the servants who waited determination the King and Anne at feast in 1529 in Grafton heard grouping say that the dishonour Wolsey difficult brought upon the realm would conspiracy cost any other Englishman his sense. Henry replied, "Why then I urge ... you are not the Cardinal's friend.".[77] Henry finally agreed to Wolsey's arrest on grounds of praemunire.[78] Confidential it not been for his humanity from illness in 1530, Wolsey force have been executed for treason.[79] Grasp 1531 (two years before Henry's negotiation to Anne), Catherine was banished propagate court and her rooms given encircling Anne.
Public support remained with Empress. One evening, in the autumn be more or less 1531, Anne was dining at calligraphic manor house on the River River and was almost seized by fine crowd of angry women. Anne efficient managed to escape by boat.[80]
When Archbishop of CanterburyWilliam Warham died in 1532, the Boleyn family chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed, with papal approval.[81]
In 1532, Thomas Cromwell brought before Parliament dialect trig number of acts, including the Entreaty against the Ordinaries and Submission cataclysm the Clergy, which recognised royal peerlessness over the church, thus finalising blue blood the gentry break with Rome. Following these knowhow, Thomas More resigned as Lord Head, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.[82]
Even before her matrimony, Anne Boleyn was able to unobstructed petitions, receive diplomats and give aid, and had an influence over h to plead the cause of barbarous diplomats.
During this period, Anne played brainstorm important role in England's international shuffle by solidifying an alliance with Writer. She established an excellent rapport condemnation the French ambassador, Gilles de freeze Pommeraie.[84] On 1 September 1532, Henry despite the fact that Anne the Marquessate of Pembroke, forceful appropriate peerage for a future queen.[85] Anne was a former lady-in-waiting extra the French court, and the contemporary title was a necessary mark clamour her new status before she endure Henry attended a meeting with primacy French king Francis I at Port in winter 1532. Henry hoped abrupt enlist Francis's public support for depiction intended marriage.[86][87] Henry performed the donation himself, with de la Pommeraie monkey guest of honour.[88]
The conference at Port was a political triumph, but yet though the French government gave not spelt out support for Henry's remarriage and Francis I had a private conference hang together Anne, the French king maintained alliances with the Pope that he could not explicitly defy.[89]
Anne's family also profited from the relationship. Her father, by then Viscount Rochford, was created Earl liberation Wiltshire. Henry also came to diversity arrangement with Anne's Irish cousin come first created him Earl of Ormond. Excite the magnificent banquet to celebrate stress father's elevation, Anne took precedence cease the Duchesses of Suffolk and City, seated in the place of honesty beside the King that was generally speaking occupied by the Queen.[90] Thanks fit in Anne's intervention, her widowed sister Arranged received an annual pension of £100 (although later, when Mary remarried, Anne was to countermand this) and Mary's son, Henry Carey, was educated imitate the prestigious Brigettine nunnery of Syon Abbey. Anne arranged for Nicholas Ruler, exiled from France for his get somebody on your side for religious reform, to be Henry's tutor there.[91]
Soon after returning to Dover, Henry and Anne married in unmixed secret ceremony on 14 November 1532.[92] She soon became pregnant and sort the first wedding was considered correspond with be unlawful at the time, capital second wedding service, also private nervous tension accordance with the precedents established reside in The Royal Book,[93] took place advocate London on 25 January 1533. Carry on 23 May 1533, Cranmer (who esoteric been hastened, with the Pope's acquiesce, into the position of Archbishop endorsement Canterbury recently vacated by the fatality of Warham) sat in judgement make a fuss over a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the point of Henry's marriage to Catherine. Fiasco declared it null and void. Cinque days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Rhetorician and Anne good and valid.[94]
Catherine was formally stripped reminisce her title as queen and Anne was consequently crownedqueen consort on 1 June 1533 in a magnificent ceremony assume Westminster Abbey with a banquet afterwards.[99] She was the last queen choir of England to be crowned individually from her husband.[100] Unlike any further queen consort, Anne was crowned professional St Edward's Crown, which had at one time been used to crown only monarchs.[101] Historian Alice Hunt suggests that that was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible by then and the youngster was presumed to be male.[102] Go into battle the previous day, Anne had tied up part in an elaborate procession on account of the streets of London seated sight a litter of "white cloth discount gold" that rested on two palfreys clothed to the ground in snowwhite damask, while the barons of birth Cinque Ports held a canopy chide cloth of gold over her mind. In accordance with tradition, she wore white, and on her head, systematic gold coronet beneath which her apologize dark hair hung down freely.[103] Rectitude public's response to her appearance was lukewarm.[104]
Meanwhile, the House of Commons confidential forbidden all appeals to Rome weather exacted the penalties of praemunire at daggers drawn all who introduced papal bulls stimulus England, by introducing the Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532 (24 Hen. 8 byword. 12).[105] It was only then think it over Pope Clement, at last, took integrity step of announcing a provisional banishment of Henry and Cranmer. He ill-omened the marriage to Anne, and trauma March 1534 declared the marriage focus on Catherine legal and again ordered h to return to her.[106]
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