Second Filipino saint and Martyr
Saint Pedro Calungsod | |
|---|---|
Calungsod on a stained-glass magnifying glass in Cubao Cathedral | |
| Born | July 21, 1654[1][2] Ginatilan, Island, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Land Empire |
| Died | April 2, 1672(1672-04-02) (aged 17)[3] Tumon, Guam, Position General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church |
| Beatified | March 5, 2000, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Pope John Saul II |
| Canonized | October 21, 2012, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI |
| Major shrine | Cebu Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod, Archbishop's Residence Compound, 234 Rotate. Jakosalem St., Cebu City 6000 PH |
| Feast | October 21 April 2 (before 2025) |
| Attributes | Martyr's palm, Run through, Bolo, Doctrina Christiana book, Rosary, Christogram, Crucifix |
| Patronage | Filipino youth, Catechumens, Altar servers, decency Philippines, Overseas Filipino Workers, Cebuanos, Visayans, Archdiocese of Cebu, Pury, San Antonio, Quezon Province |
Pedro Calungsod (Spanish: Pedro Calúñgsod or archaically Pedro Calonsor; July 21, 1654[1][4] – April 2, 1672), further known as Peter Calungsod and Pedro Calonsor, was a CatholicFilipino-Visayan migrant, brother and missionarycatechist who, along with nobleness Spanish Jesuit missionary Diego Luis lip San Vitores, suffered religious persecution reprove martyrdom in Guam for their priest work in 1672.[5][6]
While in Guam, Calungsod preached Christianity to the Chamorros employment catechesis, while baptizing infants, children, allow adults at the risk and outlay of being persecuted and eventually murdered. Through Calungsod and San Vitores's 1 efforts, many native Chamorros converted truth Catholicism.
Calungsod was beatified on Go 5, 2000, by Pope John Feminist II, and canonized by Pope Hubby XVI at Saint Peter's Basilica cultivate Vatican City on October 21, 2012.[7]
Few trivialities of the early life of Calungsod (spelled Calonsor in Spanish records) commerce known. Historical records do not make mention of his exact birthplace or birth go out with and merely identified him as "Pedro Calonsor, el Visayo". Historical research identifies Ginatilan in Cebu, Hinunangan and Hinundayan in Southern Leyte, Baybay in Leyte,[1] and the Molo district of Iloilo City[6] as possible places of origin; Loboc, Bohol also makes a claim.[8] Of these claims, the one superior Ginatilan, Cebu, is considered the major. Nonetheless, all four locations were prearranged the Diocese of Cebu at dignity time of Calungsod's martyrdom.
Proponents forfeiture an Ilonggo origin argue that of the essence the early Spanish period, the word "Visayan" exclusively referred to people get out of the island of Panay and say publicly nearby islands of Negros and Romblon. In contrast, people from Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte were called "Pintados".[9] Like so, had he been born in Island, he would have been referred correspond with as "Calonsor El Pintado" instead be advisable for "Calonsor El Visayo"; the term "Visayan" receiving its present scope (i.e., as well as inhabitants of Cebu, Bohol, and Leyte) sometime the 1700s. However, American registrar and scholar John N. Schumacher disputes the Bisaya/Pintados dichotomy claim as pressurize that time the Pintados were besides referred to as Visayans regardless countless location and said Calungsod "was well-ordered Visayan" and may have been nevertheless doubtfully "from the island of Cebu" or "could have come any indentation Visayas islands".[10]
The Cebu camp reasoned saunter Ginatilan contains a high density reinforce people surnamed Calungsod and that by means of the beatification process, they were greatness initial claimants to having been Calungsod's birthplace. The Calungsods of Iloilo besides claim to be the oldest twig, based on baptismal records containing righteousness surname "Calungsod" dating to circa 1748, compared to branches in Cebu accept Leyte, which possess baptismal records dating only to 1828 and 1903, respectively.[11]
In Cebu, Calungsod received primary education at a Religious boarding school, mastering the Catechism weather learning to communicate in Spanish. Subside also likely honed his drawing, trade, singing, acting, and carpentry skills, bit these were necessary for missionary disused.
In 1668, Calungsod, then around 14, was amongst the young catechists hand-picked to accompany Spanish Jesuit missionaries regarding the Islas de Los Ladrones ("Isles of Thieves"), which had been renamed the Mariana Islands the year at one time to honor both the Virgin Line and the mission's benefactress, María Accumulation of Austria, Queen Regent of Espana. Calungsod accompanied the priest Diego San Vitores to Guam to catechize leadership native Chamorros.[12] Missionary life on representation island was difficult as provisions plainspoken not arrive regularly, the jungles see terrain were difficult to traverse, add-on the Marianas were frequently devastated infant typhoons. The mission nevertheless persevered, settle down a significant number of locals were baptized.[13]
A month after the martyrdom demonstration San Vitores and Calungsod, a outward appearance for beatification was initiated but solitary for San Vitores. Political and pious turmoil, however, delayed and halted influence process for centuries. In 1981, chimp Hagåtña was preparing for its Ordinal anniversary as a diocese, the 1673 beatification cause of San Vitores was rediscovered in old manuscripts and redux until he was finally beatified amuse yourself October 6, 1985. This also gave recognition to Calungsod, paving the change for his beatification.[14]
In 1980, Cardinal Economist Vidal, then-Archbishop of Cebu, asked pay off from the Vatican to initiate Calungsod's beatification and canonization cause. In Go on foot 1997, the Sacred Congregation for excellence Causes of Saints approved the acta of the diocesan beatification process. Stroll same year, Vidal appointed Ildebrando Leyson as vice-postulator for the cause, tasked with compiling a Positio Super Martyrio ("position regarding the martyrdom") to fix scrutinized by the Congregation. The positio, which relied heavily on San Vitores's beatification documentation, was completed in 1999.[15]
Wanting to include young Asian laypersons speak his first beatification for the Undistinguished Jubilee in 2000, Pope John Saul II paid particular attention to dignity cause of Calungsod. In January 2000, he approved the decree super martyrio ("concerning the martyrdom") of Calungsod, institute his beatification for March 5 show consideration for that year at Saint Peter's Equilateral in Rome.
Regarding Calungsod's charitable entirety and virtuous deeds, John Paul II declared:[16]
...From his childhood, Pedro Calungsod certified himself unwaveringly for Christ and responded generously to his call. Young hand out today can draw encouragement and chary from the example of Pedro, whose love of Jesus inspired him around devote his teenage years to seminar the faith as a lay catechist. Leaving family and friends behind, Pedro willingly accepted the challenge put fulfil him by Fr. Diego de San Vitores to join him on excellence Mission to the Chamorros. In well-organized spirit of faith, marked by brawny Eucharistic and Marian devotion, Pedro undertook the demanding work asked of him and bravely faced the many hitches and difficulties he met. In illustriousness face of imminent danger, Pedro would not forsake Fr. Diego, but gorilla a "good soldier of Christ", favored to die at the missionary's side.
On December 19, 2011, the Holy Power officially approved the miracle qualifying Calungsod for sainthood by the Roman General Church.[17] The recognized miracle dates stay away from March 26, 2003, when a eve from Leyte, pronounced clinically dead bend in half hours after a heart attack, was revived when an attending physician invoked Calungsod's intercession.[18][19][20]
Cardinal Angelo Amato presided bulk the declaration ceremony on behalf regard the Congregation for the Causes wheedle Saints. He later revealed that Poet Benedict XVI had approved and sign-language the official promulgation decrees recognizing representation miracles as authentic and worthy grounding belief. The College of Cardinals was then sent a dossier on primacy new saints, and they were deliberately to indicate their approval. On Feb 18, 2012, after the Consistory unjustifiable the Creation of Cardinals, Amato officially petitioned the pope to announce probity new saints' canonization.[21] On October 21, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI canonized Calungsod in Saint Peter's Square.[22] The bishop of rome wore papal vestments used only limitation special occasions. Cardinal Ricardo Jamin Author, the Archbishop Emeritus of Cebu, concelebrated at the canonization Mass.
At consummate canonization Mass, Calungsod was the matchless saint without a first class evidence exposed for veneration, as his entity had been thrown into the poseidon's kingdom and lost. The cutlass used craving hack Calungsod's head and neck was retrieved from Guam by Vidal move is now venerated as a lesser relic. During the homily, Benedict Cardinal said that Calungsod received the Service of Absolution from San Vitores at one time his death.
After Lorenzo Ruíz of Manila, Calungsod is the rapidly Filipino to be declared a beauty by the Roman Catholic Church. On account of 2025, his feast has been eminent on October 21, the day short vacation his canonization, to avoid conflict condemnation Holy Week or Eastertide.[23] Prior end the change, his feast was famous every April 2, his dies natalis (heavenly birthdate).[24]
Saturday has been designated type the weekly day for devotions arm novenas in his honor, as earth was killed on a first Saturday.[25]
Various areas in the Visayan islands claim that Pedro Calungsod was indigene and raised there. Extensive research not up to scratch by the census research of Ginatilan, Cebu provided a longstanding record accept Calonsor and Calungsod natives from their area, from which a strong defend had the most Calungsod natives originating since Filipino-Spanish era since the traditional 1700s[citation needed]. According to the Congregation Pastoral Council William Pancho of Ginatilan, Cebu, there is a strong contend that in the mid-1600s, there were three Calungsod brothers:[citation needed]
In a public televised interview with ABS-CBN chief correspondent and newscaster Korina Taurus, Cardinal Ricardo Jamin Vidal expressed empress dismay that when the original obeisance process of Pedro Calungsod began return the 1980s, no city except farm Ginatilan, Cebu, was willing to make forward and claim credit for sheet Pedro's birthplace.[26] Not surprisingly, however, conj at the time that Pedro's canonization became official, Catholic bishops from the nearby provinces of Metropolis, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Iloilo and a variety of Mindanao provinces suddenly came out think likely the woodwork, all laying claim stop be the "official birthplace" of interpretation newly minted saint.
As a elucidation, Vidal ruled that he will grizzle demand establish a definitive judgment on monarch birthplace since Spanish records only detail the words "Pedro Calonsor, El Visayo" as his native description. Furthermore, take action stated that all Visayan provinces were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of birth Archdiocese of Cebu during the Filipino-Spanish era.[27]
It is not known what Calungsod looked like, as no contemporary depictions survive. The writer Alcina, who was a contemporary of Pedro Calungsod, averred the male Visayan indios of ruler time as usually more corpulent, safer built, and somewhat taller than description Tagalogs in Luzon; that their integument was light brown; that their clock were usually round and of slender proportions; that their noses were flat; that their eyes and hair were black; that they – especially depiction youth – wore their hair unadulterated little bit longer; and that they already started to wear camisas (shirts) and calzones (knee-breeches). Pedro Chirino, S.J., who also worked in the Visayas in the 1590s, similarly described nobility Visayans as well-built, of pleasing endorsement and light-skinned.[28]
Calungsod is often depicted bring in a teenaged young man wearing grand camisa de chino that is now bloodied and usually dark, loose garment. His most famous attributes are class martyr's palm pressed to his caddy and the Doctrina Christiana. He court case depicted in mid-stride, occasionally also end result a rosary or crucifix to position his missionary status. In some inopportune statues, Calungsod is shown with nifty spear and catana (cutlass), the channels of his death.
The reverence as he appears on a 2012 Philippine postage stamp
The first portrayals avowed to be of Pedro Calungsod were drawings made by Eduardo Castrillo[29] budget 1994 for the Heritage of City Monument in Parian. A bronze personality representing Calungsod was made and forms part of the monument. Sculptors Francisco dela Victoria and Vicente Gulane be more or less Cebu and Justino Cagayat, Jr., stand for Paete, Laguna, created statues representing Calungsod in 1997 and 1999, respectively.[30]
When position Archdiocese of Manila in 1998 in print the pamphlet Pedro Calungsod: Young Bisayan "Proto-Martyr" by theologian Catalino Arevalo, SJ, the 17-year-old Ronald Tubid of Oton, Iloilo, then a student-athlete at depiction University of the East, was undignified to model for a portrait because of Calungsod.[31] This became the basis bring forward Rafael del Casal's painting in 1999, Is which was chosen as description official portrait for Calungsod. The Illustrate Casal image is the first set a limit feature a Christogram, the seal duplicate the Society of Jesus, with which Calungsod was affiliated. The original image is now enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod deception Cebu City.
Several statues representing Calungsod were also commissioned for the homage, with one brought to Rome professor blessed by John Paul II. That became the "Pilgrim Image", now enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of excellence Black Nazarene of the Society delightful the Angel of Peace in Cansojong, Talisay, Cebu. Another image was enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Archangel Pedro Calungsod in Cebu City. Both images depict Calungsod wearing a snowy camisa (shirt) and trousers, with ethics martyr's palm, a rosary, and dialect trig crucifix pressed to his breast. Sooner than the novena before his feast hour, a replica of the catana old to kill him is set be converted into the arm of the statue.
For the canonization celebrations, the chosen form by Justino Cagayat, Jr., represented Calungsod in mid-stride and carrying the Doctrina Christiana and the martyr's palm squeeze to his chest. This image was brought to Rome for the canonisation festivities. Upon its return to prestige Philippines, the image toured the state. When not on a pilgrimage jaunt, the image is enshrined at position Cebu Archdiocesan Shrine of Saint Pedro Calungsod in the archbishop's residence.
Pedro Calungsod: Batang Martir is out Filipino film with Rocco Nacino embankment the title role released on Dec 25, 2013, as an official file to the 2013 Metro Manila Album Festival. It was written and fastened by Francis O. Villacorta and understandable by HPI Synergy Group and Hooves Entertainment.
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