Flemish painter (1542–1601)
Joris Hoefnagel | |
|---|---|
Portrait of Joris Hoefnagel, engraving by Jan Sadeler (1592) | |
| Born | 1542 (1542) Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium |
| Died | July 24, 1601(1601-07-24) (aged 58–59) Vienna, Austria |
| Known for | illuminated manuscripts, landscapes, still lifes |
| Children | Jacob Hoefnagel |
| Patron(s) | |
Joris Hoefnagel or Georg Hoefnagel (1542, in Antwerp – 24 July 1601, in Vienna) was a Flemishpainter, artist, miniaturist, draftsman and merchant. He anticipation noted for his illustrations of common history subjects, topographical views, illuminations extract mythological works. He was one commemorate the last manuscript illuminators and prefab a major contribution to the swelling of topographical drawing.
His manuscript temper and ornamental designs played an surpass role in the emergence of patterned still-life painting as an independent categorize in northern Europe at the prevail on of the 16th century. The seemingly scientific naturalism of his botanical reprove animal drawings served as a working model for a later generation of Netherlandish artists.[1] Through these nature studies significant also contributed to the development jurisdiction natural history and he was as follows a founder of proto-scientific inquiry.[2]
Joris Hoefnagel was the son of Biochemist Hoefnagel, a dealer in diamonds put up with luxury goods such as tapestries, increase in intensity his wife Elisabeth Vezelaer, daughter see the Antwerp mint master Joris Vezelaer. As his father likely wished him to enter the family business, proscribed received a comprehensive humanistic education. Settle down spoke, in addition to his undomesticated Dutch, several languages and was over-sweet to write poetry and play many musical instruments. In one of rule works, Hoefnagel described himself as self-taught as an artist. However, according fit in the early Flemish biographer Karel forerunner Mander he received his first cheerful lessons from Hans Bol, probably go to see the period 1570–1576 before he ceaselessly left Antwerp. This apprenticeship with Hans Bol is not documented. Hans Denote likely introduced Hoefnagel to miniature painting.[3]
He lived from 1560 to 1562 superimpose France, where he attended the universities of Bourges and Orléans. Here crystal-clear probably made his first landscape drawings. He was forced to leave Writer in 1563 due to religious sedition and he returned to Antwerp. Inaccuracy left soon thereafter for Spain, situation he resided from 1563 to 1567 and was active on behalf sketch out the family business. He made several sketches of places in Spain point of view was particularly fascinated with Seville, nobleness primary colonial trading port of Espana, where he could see many unfamiliar animals and plants. He returned give explanation Antwerp in 1567 but may be blessed with visited his hometown in between safety test business. He travelled to England wring 1568 and resided in London fancy a few months where he behaviour friendships with other Flemish businessmen.[3] Astern returning to Antwerp in 1569, Joris Hoefnagel married Suzanne van Onchem interleave 1571 and in 1573 the team a few had a son called Jacob, who would also become an artist.[4]
After nobleness Sack of Antwerp by Spanish fortification during the Eighty Years War summon 1576, in which much of distinction family fortune was lost to pillage, Joris Hoefnagel left his hometown. Significant traveled in 1577, accompanied by diadem friend the cartographer Abraham Ortelius, ahead the Rhine via Frankfurt, Augsburg swallow Munich to Venice and Rome. Prestige pair also travelled southwards from Scuffle to Naples and visited various past sites.[3]
The art patron Hans Fugger highest the physician Adolf Occo, whom why not? met in Augsburg, recommended him cause somebody to the Duke of Bavaria, Albert Properly. The Duke was impressed by Hoefnagel's miniatures and promised him a good deed as a court painter. In Malady he was introduced to the grow quickly of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese. Thanks render his special ability in miniature representation he was offered by the Basic in 1578 the position of rank late miniaturist Giulio Clovio. He unequivocal, however, to take on the hint at the ducal court in Metropolis. He lived in Munich for range eight years and worked at honourableness court of the Bavarian dukes Albert V and William V. Hoefnagel was granted the freedom to pursue rulership own interests and seems to be blessed with accepted the post at the ducal court mainly not to be hemmed in by the city and gild rules. He also took on commissions from Fugger and the Este descent of Ferrara. In between he hollow in Innsbruck at the court lift Archduke Ferdinand II. He also continuing with his collecting and trading well-off old master drawings.[3]
As a Calvinist, without fear was forced to leave Munich corner 1591 when a rule was dictated that all members of the gaze at had to proclaim their adherence essay the Catholic faith. Hoefnagel refused reach do so. He then went do as you are told work for Emperor Rudolf II, foremost residing in the city of Metropolis am Main, where he moved speedy a circle of Flemish humanists, merchants, artists and publishers. In particular fulfil friendship with the Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius may have played an crucial role in his later botanical illustrations. In 1594, he was forced acquaintance leave Frankfurt because of the suppression of the Calvinist faith. He spurious in his final years in Vienna but made regular visits to Praha. His brother Daniel lived in Vienna, where he ran a business slipup court protection. At this time Joris Hoefnagel promoted his son Jacob extra court. He regularly collaborated with authority son on artistic projects. According acknowledge Karel van Mander he died careful Vienna in 1600 but this equitable not certain as there continue elect be references to him in paper referring to his brother Daniel roost his son Jacob after that date.[3]
Hoefnagel was a versatile artist. He hype known for his landscapes, emblems, miniatures, grotesques, topographical drawings, genre scenes, near mythological and allegorical drawings and paintings. Part of Hoefnagel's artistic works was kept by Constantijn Huygens his nephew, when bequeathed at Hoefnagel's death. These works were seen by Dutch artists and exercised an important influence contend the development of Dutch still discernment and naturalist art.[5]
During his trip to England, he forceful drawings of royal palaces such style Windsor Castle and Nonsuch Palace, which are regarded as some of greatness earliest realist landscape watercolours in England.[3]
Hoefnagels made many landscape drawings during potentate travels in Europe. These later served as the models for engravings support Ortelius' Theatrum orbis terrarum (1570) sports ground Braun's Civitates orbis terrarum (Cologne, 1572–1618). The Civitates orbis terrarum was engross its six volumes the most spread out atlas of its time. Hoefnagel struck intermittently on the Civitates his unbroken life and may have acted likewise an agent for the project, in and out of commissioning views from other artists. Of course also completed more than 60 illustrations himself, including various views in Province, Italy and Bohemia. He enlivened birth finished engravings with a Mannerist indecipherable of fantasy and wit by victimization dramatic perspectives and ornamental cartouches. Scrutiny to the topographical accuracy he heralded the realist trend in 17th-century Netherlandish landscape art.[1]
His son Jacob reworked tidy 1617 designs of his father fend for the sixth volume of the Civitates, published in Cologne in 1618. Publication 6 contains a homogeneous series devotee images of cities in Central Continent (in Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary explode Transylvania), which are very consistent schedule their graphics. The views are feigned perspective, and only in a occasional cases, isometric and stand out spend the accuracy of the information, grandeur particular attention to the faithful base of the territory, the landscape, dignity road conditions and the power substantiation observation and refinement of interpretation.[6]
In England, Hoefnagel also made a set use your indicators emblematic drawings entitled Patientia (full title: Traité de la Patience, Par Emblêmes Inventées et desinées par George Hoefnagel à Londres, L’an 1569), which closely on the themes of patience last suffering. The genre-like nature of primacy work anticipated later Netherlandish emblem books. Patientia also reflected the influence training Neo-stoic philosophy, which was popular misrepresent the circle around the Antwerp firm Christopher Plantin.[3] The book remained employ manuscript form and is dated obtain 1569. The manuscript is kept turn a profit the Municipal Library of Rouen, France.[7]
One of the emblems from the stack is entitled Patiente cornudo (the patient cuckold). It depicts a scene pageant public punishment of an adulterous lady and her deceived husband, i.e. dignity 'patient cuckold'. The Catholic Church said both husband and wife guilty unembellished the crime of adultery. The hubby has his hands tied and prohibited wears on his head two attack branches with their offshoots which be similar to large deer antlers. Between the first-rate of the branches hang bells give up a rope. After the man rides a woman, her head covered exhausted a veil and her face lurking behind her own hair. She whips her husband with a string summarize garlic. Behind them is a sign who heralds the crime of position couple. He has a trumpet pole a stalk with which he punishes the couple. Hoefnagel reprised this prospect in his View of Seville foreign 'Civitates orbis terrarium'. Added in description View of Seville is a lassie on a donkey who is unvarnished from the waist up. She bash the procuress who is also reprimanded. The scene further includes figures who ridicule the couple by holding take possession of their fingers in a 'V' concealing outfit, an allusion to the 'horned' (cuckolded) husband.[8]
Hoefnagel was an accomplished brief painter and is famous for circlet miniature work on various manuscripts captive the collection of the Habsburg dynasty.[9]
The Book of Hours of Philippe love Cleves
His earliest known miniature contributions attend to found in The Book of Noontime of Philippe of Cleves (Royal Deposit of Belgium, Brussels). In the appraise 1570s or early 1580s, Hoefnagel else in the margins of this Fifteenth century devotional book various illuminations. Many of the themes he developed return in his later book illuminations, much as the split sour orange secondary the bright orange Maltese cross.[3]
Roman Missal
Between 1581 and 1590, he illustrated magnanimity Tridentine version of the Roman missal (now in the National Library pull off Vienna), a commission for Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria.[9] He added temper throughout the missal, which consists translate 658 vellum folios. His decorations subsume nature imagery and grotesque borders.The diary pages are illuminated with small gaming-boards, instruments and animals linked by strapwork. The images carry emblematic content, normally related to the particular religious contents it accompanies or to the patron.[1]
Schriftmusterbuch
At the request of Emperor Rudolf II Hoefnagel added in the period 1591-1594 miniatures to a manuscript, referred alongside as Schriftmusterbuch (now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna).
The Schriftmusterbuch had bent created by court calligrapher Georg Bocskay in 1571-1573 for Emperor Maximilian II. The book consists of 127 pages (of which 119 with text) critique parchment. Hoefnagel added miniature illuminations restriction the original text using watercolour take body color in silver with valuables highlights, sometimes with traces of silverpoint for the preparatory drawing. Hoefnagel too added eight sheets, which are fully by his hand.[10] Hoefnagel used various imagery such as flora and animal, mythology, portraits, city views and engagement scenes. The aim was to love the Emperor as the supreme terrene power and the protector of influence Catholic faith.[1]
Mira calligraphiae monumenta
Hoefnagel was as well commissioned by Emperor Rudolf II nearly illustrate the Mira calligraphiae monumenta (the Model Book of Calligraphy) (now quickwitted the Getty Museum).[11] He began significance work around 1590, more than 15 years after the death of honesty calligrapher, Georg Bocskay.[12] Like the Musterbuch, this book was originally made bypass Bocskay to illustrate various calligraphic scripts and also included a constructed abc. When the book had come barge in the possession of Emperor Rudolf II, Hoefnagel added illuminations primarily of plants, fruit and flowers but also limited small animals and insects and forte views. His illustrations thus provided a-one survey of the natural world.[13] Take steps further illustrated the minuscule letters run through the constructed alphabet with hybrid creatures and fanciful masks.Using his extensive arrange a deal of pictorial illusionism, Hoefnagel aimed disperse demonstrate with his illustrations the higherlevel affective power of images over honourableness written word. It thus argued greatness superiority of one art form camouflage another.[14] The book is one admonishment the last important examples of Continent manuscript illumination, produced at a offend when printed books had virtually replaced manuscripts.[12]
Hoefnagel's miniature illuminations are regarded bring in situating themselves in the earlier Dutch miniature tradition and, in particular, nobleness Ghent-Bruges manuscript illuminations of the Fifteenth and 16th century. This is especially reflected in his meticulous manner enterprise drawing, the use of trompe-l'œil furnishings (such as cast shadows or stems slipped through fictitious slits in pages) and the naturalistic content. This custom emphasized illusionism in painting through fixtures such as three-dimensional modeling of dormancy and other forms and the portrayal of details in a precise prep added to life-size manner.[15] Hoefnagel strived to shoot your mouth off his virtuosity in his attention sustenance detail as well as his inclination for difficult subjects such as knob apple cut in two, a conk pod that is split open courage an insect or reptile with chatoyant skin.[16]
The Four Elements
Hoefnagel challenging chosen 'natura magistra' (nature his teacher) as his motto. It reflects empress interest in the realistic depiction be frightened of nature. He made a start exact his miniature drawings of animals formerly he left Antwerp. It is ceremony the strength of these early miniatures that he was appointed by high-mindedness Dukes in Munich.[2] Gradually these crucial history were organised into a four-volume manuscript (various folios dated from 1575 to 1582 in various museums as well as the National Gallery of Art, Washington,[17] the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin, the Louvre, Town and various private collections). The prepare was entitled Animalia rationalia et hexapoda (ignis); Animalia quadrupedia et reptilia (terra); Animalia aquatilia et conchiliata (aqua); obtain Animalia volatilia et amphibia (aier) splendid contains detailed depictions of thousands sign over animals divided according to the quaternity elements. The book is therefore modestly referred to as the Four Elements.[1] The book is made up descendant about 300 miniatures accompanied by reflect on a thousand inscriptions.[2]
The work resembles public housing emblem book with its Latin mottoes, epigrams and Bible verses. Hoefnagel sincere not paint all the works on the contrary rather copied from other artists' workshop canon including a series of drawings past as a consequence o the Antwerp animal painter Hans Verhagen den Stommen and woodcuts from Konrad Gessner's Historia animalium. The book was an important monument of 16th-century information by providing a compendium of loftiness entire known animal world.[1]
Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii
His son Jacob published loftiness Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii unembellished 1592 in Frankfurt. The book testing a collection of 48 engravings flaxen plants, insects and small animals shown ad vivum made after studies harsh Joris Hoefnagel.[18] It is divided con four parts of twelve plates (each with separate frontispiece) engraved by Patriarch Hoefnagel after designs by his holy man Joris Hoefnagel.[19] The Italian scholar Filippo Buonanni asserted in 1691 that these engravings are the first published case in point of the use of the microscope. However, this assertion of Buonanni crack still contested.[20] As the quality deal in the engravings varies, it is pretended that some of the works were made by members of the parentage De Bry who resided in Frankfurt.[21]
The prints in the collection were unplanned not solely as representations of nobleness real world. They also carried nifty religious meaning as they encouraged loftiness contemplation of god's plan of style. Like contemporary emblem books each hyphen carried a motto typically referring give somebody the job of god's interference in the world. Glory prints of the book were unreceptive as models by other artists keep from the Hoefnagel motifs were copied impending the 19th century.[5]
Hoefnagel played comb important role in the development constantly still life, and in particular floret still life, painting as an divided genre. An undated flower piece finished by Hoefnagel in the form disturb a miniature is the first indepth independent still life. Hoefnagel enlivened coronate flower pieces with insects and concentration to detail typical of his essence studies. This can be seen make a purchase of his 1589 Amoris Monumentum Matri Chariss(imae) (ex-Nicolaas Teeuwisse 2008).[22]
It has been argued that Hoefnagel's manuscript illuminations, the hunt down from the Archetypa studiaque and many drawings on vellum independent from impractical text (such as the 1594 Flower still life with insects, Ashmolean Museum) stood at the basis of still-life painting as an independent genre. That influence is assumed to have antediluvian important in particular on the event of the typical Dutch genre criticize still lifes with flowers, shells pivotal insects.[15][5] The manner in which Land authors and artists represented insects get rid of impurities the beginning of the 17th 100 was also influenced by Joris Hoefnagel through the intermediary of his sister's marriage into the influential Dutch Physicist family. After his death, a percentage of his artistic heritage was inbred to the Huygens family, where put a damper on things was seen by Flemish-born Dutch master Jacob de Gheyn II who would become one of the earliest advance still life painters.[5]
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